ETH Zurich

Main bachelor teaching language is German — direct admission typically needs IB 38/42+ with required subjects at HL/SL, or the ETH entrance exam (math/physics/chemistry/biology) otherwise. Requirements are country/certificate-specific; no single English test threshold applies since German dominates undergrad.

Official ethz.ch (Language requirements page): IELTS Academic 7.0 (no band below 6.5) / TOEFL iBT 100 (no section below 23) for English-taught master's; exempted for bachelor's fully taught in English. No published university-wide GPA floor — competitive admits typically hold a first-class bachelor's (~CGPA 7.0/10 or ~60%+ Swiss scale).

Official ethz.ch: standardized English tests (IELTS/TOEFL) are explicitly NOT required at the institutional level — candidates must be proficient in written/spoken English, but language requirements are set by the individual supervisor/research group rather than a university-wide test score. Requires a Master's degree (e.g. in a computer-science-adjacent field for CS) and, critically, a professor at ETH willing to offer a doctoral position.