Université PSL

Official psl.eu: most bachelor programmes are French-taught (B2-C1 French), select international tracks accept IELTS ~6.0-6.5. Explicitly described as highly competitive with selection based on "academic excellence, subject relevance, motivation, and overall application strength rather than entrance exams alone" — no single numeric cutoff, classified holistic.

Official psl.eu (FAQ Graduate admissions): PSL is a federation of member schools, each setting its own language requirement by major — English-taught tracks typically require TOEFL 90-100 / IELTS 6.5-7.0 (midpoint used here). No single university-wide GPA cutoff.

Official psl.eu (PSL PhD Tracks): admission criteria common to all tracks are academic excellence, quality of the research project, and English at C1 level (qualitative descriptor, no single numeric IELTS/TOEFL figure published). Notably, some PSL PhD Tracks accept applicants with only a Bachelor's (180 ECTS) or an in-progress Bachelor's, not just Master's holders. International applicants follow the same procedure as French applicants (the separate "Etudes en France" process does not apply to doctoral study).